Did you hear that that was the sound of Apple snapping, its fingers and killing half the bezels in its product universe, iPhone went first, then Apple Watch now iPad Pro and yeah somewhere out there iMac is whispering? We've always been at war with bezels they've held the components we've needed to have the devices we've wanted, but they've also held back the displays, we've always dreamed of the ones that would truly set our devices free we've waited for it, we've lusted after it and now insert. Finally, we have it, but as with all good plot twists, killing half the bezels on the iPad Pro is just part. One part two kicks off with face: ID and a true depth: camera a monstrous, a 12x, Bionic, chipset and updated speakers and mics all in a design that both returns iPad to its roots and reboots it for the future, including an all-new, smart, Keyboard, folio and yeah Apple Pencil number two, but, as is increasingly evident with each new product, Apple updates. The future demands a price iPad Pro now starts at us $7.99 for the screen, stretched, 11 inch model and us $9.99 for the casing: shaved, 12 point 9 inch model, that's a grand, a slab for the bigger one and, before you add, more storage or gigabit LTE, and a big ask for anything that doesn't deliver significant bang for every one of those bucks, hi I'm, Rene Richey, welcome back to vector so glad you could join me. I've been using the twelve point. Nine inch, one terabyte version of the new iPad Pro for almost a week, and I've got so many thoughts to share.
Let's do this. Liquid retinas started with the iPad Pro sure. iPhone 10 are small, agile and no doubt poised to be ludicrously more profitable, managed to demo and ship first, but the technology that lets Apple push LCD panels with their LED backlights edge to edge rounded corner to rounded corner with all the anti-aliasing and sub pixel masking that that involved feels even more at home on the iPad Pro part of that is. The sheer size. iPad has always been IMAX to the iPhone.
The other part is the lack of a notch because of its size. The relative bezels that remain are large enough, not just to give you some non display area to hold on to, but to completely envelop the true depth camera system that compels a notch on similarly full screen iPhones the result is a symmetry and uniformity not constrained by orientation or marred by forehead or chin or compromised by potentially point of failure. Mechanical camera teachers- it just is I'm guessing Apple could delete even more bezel here if it wanted to at least two iPhone 10-hour levels, but I'm not sure if I want them to the current palm and unintentional touch. Rejection is Noble a machine learned miracle at this point, but there's just something about keeping a margin on a page or a frame on a window that makes it feel more comfortable, more human. The display density, which maintains the original retina 2012 iPad standard of 264 PPI, still looks fine.
Individual pixels disappear just like they're supposed to for normal vision at normal viewing distances when and if Apple goes to OLED for iPad Pro, and there are uniformity and other quality issues that still need solving before that can happen if gentile style, diamond sub, pixel arrangements are still the norm. No doubt that'll get revisited until then d. Respect sheet junkies, don't make me make another resolution. Explainer. Please TLDR, like with the old megapixel myth that compromised cameras for a generation.
It's not about the quantity of pixels. It's about the quality and the quality of pixels on the iPad Pro display is terrific, they're once again, DCI p3, which means you get the much wider color gamut for richer, reds and more vivid greens, but at 600 nits. Furthermore, it's still not quite bright enough for full HDR high dynamic range like the over 700 nits, iPhone 10 series, at least not completely. If you're sitting in the pitch dark, the color space and brightness will get you most of the way there. If you're sitting out in the light, not so much some people and television vendors quibble about all this Apple seems to have simply settled on calling it DR extend the dynamic range.
Instead, now you can still download or stream HDR 10 and Dolby Vision, formats, and it'll do a bang-up job of displaying them, regardless of where or how you're watching, but the only way to get what everyone agrees is full-on. Proper HDR is to use the new USB port more on that in a cool minute to output, HDR, 10 or Dolby Vision to a full-on proper HDR panel that supports them apples doing all the color management and individual color calibration you'd expect here as well. So I at pro looks dead, accurate, so much so that like iPhone 10 are it can be hard to tell Apple LCD from Apple OLED in anything, but the deep blacks and the off-axis shifts and yeah. That's still impressive. Most impressive there's also a new anti-reflective coating that Apple designed to both minimize glare, including over the true depth, camera more on that in a slightly warmer minute better than any previous iPad and Apple says any other display on a portable it'll, also apparently hold up to heavy-duty multi-touch and pencil use better than ever, and that I'm very much looking forward to testing long-term.
The result is interesting. Light is almost matted out and light sources rather than blooming across the glass seem almost locked into it. You can still blow it out if you pick the absolute worst angle and conditions to use it at, but you have to try harder or just be significantly more screwed to have it happen, show tone which is Apple's technology from matching the color temperature of ambient lighting, so white stay, looking paper white and not cold, blue or hot yellow, as you move from inside to outside or incandescent to fluorescent lighting, has also been updated with a newer, more sensitive sensor. So the transitions are supposedly faster and more precise. I couldn't really tell the difference, but I never found true tone to be slow or ham-fisted in any way to begin with, promotion which debuted on iPad Pro last year and remains exclusive to it.
This year can dynamically lower the refresh rate to save power. When nothing is moving on the screen, it can also stay at 24 frames per second for a cinematic experience or ramped up to a full 120 Hertz for a buttery, smooth scrolling or whatever is beyond buttery smooth, clarified butter, e. g, I, don't know and yeah like true tone, which has now trickled across the iPhone and Mac lineups I want it everywhere. The end result is not as overwhelming as a projection, TV or even 5k iMac or as close an intimate as a 10 class iPhone, but it's truer than ever to that original vision of iPad being tabula rasa in your hands as you set up to work or recline back to relax. It's that feeling of a deeply personal machine that at a swipe or tap, can be anything the web or an app makes it only now, there's much less around the edges to remind you that it's a machine.
The new iPad Pro looks like the original iPad had a baby with an iPhone 5. That's the kind of retro future design. Cue Apple is playing off here. What little bezel remains? Doesn't gently curve? Doesn't chamfer doesn't taper, it just falls right off the side, and you know what I'm, strangely okay, with that much as I was hoping we'd. Finally, finally have a unified design language across all of Apple's iOS and derived devices.
This is way more interesting, almost industrial and a marked return to the Brawn and like a--like cues of almost a decade ago. It moves a design language forward again by kind of taking it back, which I'm pretty sure is all shades of dodgy cheat, but whatever it totally works, and I'd love to see a next generation retro future iPhone in this file as well now I, do feel like Apple's industrial design. Department is still trolling us by keeping the sleep/wake or on/off button or whatever you want to call it on the top. Instead of moving it to the side where the iPhones has been for going on half a decade now because of the difference, I still get it wrong and hit the volume up all the time here, I feel consistency would be a user benefit, even if I don't know what you do with the volume buttons to keep them from being buried by the smart Keyboard on the other side, because hey I identify problems not find solutions beneath the volume button centered along the same side, is a new magnetic connector for the new Apple Pencil more on that in a bit it doesn't replace the old smart connector. That was on the other side, where one of the new microphones has taken its place on the LTE model.
There are six antenna lines around the sides and two long curved ones on the back top and bottom I. Don't love them, but I don't mind them, especially how they fit into the new industrial. Aesthetic. The new smart connector still with power data and ground leads, is now on the back below the Apple logo near the bottom. It might seem like a strange place, but separating it from the actual point of keyboard connection means you now can connect the keyboard at different angles without having to have multiple, equal and opposite smart connectors on every accessory.
What's gone is a 3.5 millimeter headphone jack yeah deleting the bezels also deleted the jack that was previously cased inside them, pushing the LCD and LED backlights so close to the edge and making the device as thin as they did leave zero room for a big old plug, unlike with iPhone 7, where Apple included a 3.5 millimeter adapter in the box to ease the transition. No such accommodation has been made for iPad I'm of the belief that every time you take something away, you have to something else in return, even if only temporarily to aid in that transition. But the counterarguments are first Apple, never included headphones with the iPad. So there's no reason to include an adapter for them and, second, not everyone would use it. So it's wasteful and literally landfilling to include it anyway.
So, okay, maybe and pro audio gear users and people who need it for accessibility, can certainly hunt down and buy their own adapters and splitters. But it's more money and more work to solve a problem they never had to solve before. So, let's have a little empathy. Can we the four speaker system, Apple debuted, with the original iPad Pro the one that turns, as you turn the iPad and keeps both left and right, clear highs and AIDS on top and bass everywhere, regardless of how much you turn it didn't get similarly sacrificed to the gods of bezel deletion? Instead, they evolved there's now a separate, tweeter and woofer in each speaker. That's four count them for tweeters and woofers per iPad, like I mentioned with the home pod.
Apples. Acoustic team is just absolutely crushing it and on every level, for every product right now and while there's still stiff competition for computational photography like with chipsets and video apples, only real competition for this kind of audio feels like dedicated high-end speaker companies and if Apple keeps investing like they have for the last few years, I wonder for how long even that'll be true. The unibody shell is still Apple's custom, aluminum alloy sides and back no glass, because, despite a few attempts over the years and for a variety of reasons, inductive charging for tablets just isn't a thing. Yet you can get it in your choice of silver and Space Gray, both with black bezels white bezels like gold and rose gold options have been buried with the 3.5 millimeter headphone jack. Previously, the smaller iPad Pro was available in just those kinds of finishes, just like the MacBook and the new MacBook Air, and even the iPhone 10s and 10s Mac's, but not any of the machines dubbed pro not anymore and yeah.
I filed a bug report with Apple expected behavior gold, and/or rose gold, but I'm not expecting at the clear screening. The sizes have changed both subtly and erratically. There are still two but the bigger one, kept its 12 point: 9-inch screen and shaved off its casing, while the smaller one kept its casing size and expanded the screen to 11 inches. It's enough that I saw more than a few people confused a 12-point 9 for the 11 if you're torn trying to decide between them. My advice remains the same.
If you want an iPad Pro, instead of a notebook, get the 12.9. If you want it in addition to a notebook, get the 11 with every successive review, I feel like I should have to explain, face ID, less and less, but then I see things like 1 +, 60 reviews where people breathlessly express our admiration for the tiny teardrop notch, while simultaneously lavishing praise on its super-fast face unlock, never once bothering to mention how it can be fooled by anything north of our Rorschach test. I exaggerate, but only slightly because when face ID first came out papers, magazines, blogs and YouTubers spent hours and dollars trying to spoof it with everything from Hollywood quality, makeup and effects. I want to say to just shy of face off, stunts or Hannibal masks, and now it feels like no claims get tested anymore. Everything is just add add, except for that spec sheet and those price complaints.
Now I'm not saying anyone should go easier on Apple I'm, saying exactly the opposite of that. We need to go hard and on every one you want a small or not well so do I, but what are you giving up to get it? And is it worth the trade-off? Hannibal mask me that, on your face, palm thumbnail, so yeah face ID remains face ID like touch ID. It has some limitations instead of moisture and gloves its direct sunlight and infra-red blocking sunglasses, but in most cases and with most glasses, you won't have a problem. It's not as good with really young kids or really close family members that have very similar facial geometry, but it's much better with non-relatives than touch ID ever was for iPad Pro. There are a few new faces.
I'd features worth mentioning while you have to set it up in portrait just like iPhone once you're set up. It also works in landscape, unlike iPhone for the iPhone 10, in order to make it rock-solid for launch Apple kept the neural network model and training simple and optimized the camera system for just one goal: to nail: the recognition in portrait for iPad Pro, which people don't just use horizontally or vertically, but has no real up or down no concept of left or right straight up or angled in the hands or on the table. Apple knew it couldn't keep face, ID so constrained. So the team captured hundreds of millions of new facial geometry samples and created a more complex model with more complex training. Yeah training, nobody codes, the stuff anymore.
Nobody can brilliantly terrifyingly it's more like teaching a pet to do tricks or, as I like to explain it tinder for machines. You not you not! You know you, you not you, you hotdog, and it works whether you're, holding it upright or sideways, or have it on your lap or on a table, even if the tuning of the camera is on top or on the bottom imported orientation, or on the left and right in landscape. It just works, especially with the new tapped awake, there's, still no arrays to wake, but you can tap the screen with either your finger or the Apple Pencil or just tap the smart keyboard and that's a pretty great advance in just a year and a half and I, like everyone else, hopes it comes to the iPhone soon as well about the only problem I have with it is, if I'm holding it in landscape I'm, almost always covering the two depth camera with my palm Apple, took that into consideration by adding a camera covered alert to the face ID system poking you to move your mid-off absent, adding one or more additional redundant price increasing to depth sensors to the other edges. I, don't know how to solve it all the time for everyone, but it is extra overhead for me, based on my own use cases, though, mounting a true death camera in landscape instead of portrait would suit me even better, even for portrait, selfies, portrait lighting and depth control, all of which now come with the new iPad Pro. It all works.
Just like the iPhone 10s capturing real depth data and combining it with segmentation masking computer vision and machine learning to separate you from the background and has all the bells and whistles as well, including smart HDR with the recent bug fix, so they're, sharper cooler and quite often make me better looking than nature seems to feel I have any right to look. It also works for an emoji and me emoji and in a particularly clever way, because the camera is almost always offset. Apple uses machine learning to compensate and apply the emoji em emoji correctly, regardless of how off angle your face may be. You can use an emoji me emoji and an are stickers in iMessage and FaceTime, including the just shipped group FaceTime feature which lets you jump between text voice and video, with up to 32 of your closest friends, family or colleagues, and that's great for early-morning meetings, where I can now just throw on an emoji. So no one has to experience this face before coffee.
We've had a lot of this on iPhone for just over a year already, but somehow the big screen makes for bigger fun. I mean productivity, definitely productivity, people used to make fun of other people taking photos and shooting videos and iPads. It just wasn't taken seriously, not even by Apple who kept the iPad camera languishing far behind the iPhone camera until the nine point seven-inch iPad Pro debuted back in the spring of ? hot 16. That's me, because pros know the value of large of you finders and the new iPad pros have the biggest barest viewfinders Apple has ever made. The rest of the camera story is more win.
Some lose some. The thinner casing means the camera can only fit five elements instead of six elements in the lens like previous generation pros, and it also means it can no longer fit optical image. Stabilization o is to compensate at least somewhat Apple. Has its new image signal processor ISP, tied right into the neural engine. Both are parts of the 8 12 X processor and are used to deliver what Apple calls smart HDR the system buffer is 4 frames ahead, interleaves under exposures for highlight detail, and when you take your shot simultaneously shoots a long exposure to pull even more detail out of the shadows.
Can the new computational photography make up for the lack of IS kinda, at least well enough, that my non-expert eyes can't see a huge difference in anything other than really a low-light? Would it be worth a bigger camera bump to get the extra element and IS back, probably not given how bumpy it would make it, and certainly not in the near future, given how fast Apple Silicon is evolving. Apple also says the cameras have been better calibrated for a augmented reality. I thought it worked really well before so. I'll have to take their word for it, but maybe it'll help me save a few more bat caves or Ninja go castles from burning down the heart of the new iPad Pro and the engine is the Apple a 12x. Before it came out, I imagined it would be like the iPhone 10s on gamma rays or Hulk serum it's both.
It's got an 8 core fusion CPU with for efficiency and for performance cores and a new controller smart enough to dispatch between them and even fire. Everything when it really has two Apple claims. That's enough to make iPad Pro faster than 92% of portable PCs sold in the last year, including Intel Core i7 models. Early Geek bench reaction has borne that out and while that might surprise some it shouldn't apples platform technologies. Team has only one mission to make the fastest chips possible for any given device constraints on earth.
That's it and they take it beyond seriously. Given that Apple has stepped on the accelerator hard just as Intel has finally stopped spinning out by hitting the water barrels, the only real surprise will be how far Apple can take its custom silicon and how soon, but you know just between us, if I was any processor with a lake in its code name I'd, be quaking in my rose gold, 3.5 millimeter bezel about to be deleted boots. The GPU is 7 and apple says it can deliver Xbox, 1s, caliber, graphics, that's beyond great for big-screen mobile gamers, but also for high-end creatives and pros it's now. The biggest petal for Apple's metal. The knurl engine is the same.
Eight core design as iPhone 10s and 10 are not only does it accelerate all the machine, learning and computer vision tasks on the iPad Pro it figures out which processing unit will best handle any task at any given time that needs being handled, and it's all efficient enough for Apple to keep on claiming ten hours of battery life on the new iPad pros and, of course the test amount add to take both this year's and last year's model out on a Pok?mon Go Gen gar raid day and yeah. They both did just fine memory, is four gigabytes for the 64 gigabyte, 256 gigabytes and 512 gigabyte storage versions, but it jumps to six gigabytes for the one terabyte option and yeah that's a lot for an iPad, but still not a lot for a computer I'd love to see the kind of magic adobe is in canting to open huge PSD, never mind PSB files. Even in data Wi-Fi remains the same, but LTE. If you fork over, for the option is now gigabit class up to 29 bands, all the bandwidth plus Bluetooth is now 5.0. It looks like CDMA Rev, a and Rev be the old Verizon and Sprint data carriers is finally dead on the new iPad pros as well.
If, for some reason you want it, you'll need to stick with last year's 10.5 inch. iPad pro, please don't want it far. More important is the death of lightning on iPad. Pro Apple originally went to Lightning for the new design languages on iPhone, iPad and iPad Mini, because it needed a smaller thinner, smarter, connector and USB was still a year away from rolling out Apple stuck with Lightning, because no one wants the hassle of multiple connector transitions with anything less than a decade between them, but now scarcely more than half a decade later. Here, Apple is transitioning again, at least for the iPad Pro and this time to the very USB Apple couldn't wait for before the reason seems simple: Apple wants iPad Pro to be able to do things lightning and his ecosystem simply can't it wasn't about consistency.
It's all about capability with USB-C that supports USB, 3.1 gen2. It can handle up to 10 gigabits per second, that's more than enough to pull high-resolution photos and videos, any highly accelerated rate to drive up to a 5k display or pretty much anything, even multiple things. The only caveat is iOS, doesn't support all us PC accessories natively. So if you want something like a storage device, you'll need to find an app that does support it. iPad pro can also given power, much as it as always take the things it.
If you have a USB see the lightning cable sold separately. You can use your iPad Pro to charge an iPhone, or you know a serum oat or even a Magic Mouse, if you really want to. But you don't really want to write it's a smart move to make, and not just because suddenly all modern, Mac chargers and peripherals can theoretically be used with iPad. Pro apple has vacillated a lot about whether iPad Pro is a computer or something decidedly post computer and for good reason. We want all the functionality, but we don't want all the complexity and the baggage that comes with it.
In this case, though, there's no reason to fuss about it or overthink. It USB see, lets I pad pro grow up and in a way, that's only as complicated as you or your workflows needed to be. The new Apple Pencil has the same tip and core technology as the original, but just about everything else has changed. There's no cap on the back to lose anymore and no lightning plug either it charges inductively now by magnetically piggybacking right into the side of the iPad Pro. It uses a series of magnets carefully arranged with alternating poles to force precise alignment and when it gets it, it locks into place with this amazingly satisfying air, pods, issue, bunk and yeah.
It's every bit as addictive to do repeatedly. I got a stop. I'm still worried about the strength of the connection, though it absolutely doesn't just fall off at random, but it can be knocked off and since it sits up there outside apple's folio case all naked and exposed, I always make sure to put my entire hand over it, while carrying the iPad just in case once it's connected it pairs and starts to charge, it can still rapid charge just like before. If you need a quick boost after a period of heavy use, the only drawback is that connecting to a new iPad Pro is the only way to charge the new Apple Pencil. You can store it there and Apple will power manage it, so it stays charged without any appreciable loss of battery health, and you can leave it lying around, and the sensors will detect it's not in use and put it into an ultra low power mode to save charge.
But you can't just pick up a random cable anymore or a charge pad and juice it up. So yeah just leave it on your iPad Pro one side of the new Apple Pencil is flat to facilitate the connection. The feeling is enough to make me wonder what a fully hexagonal Apple Pencil would feel like, maybe even more like a real pencil. The exterior isn't glossy anymore either, and that makes it easier to hold on to it almost feels as much as chalk as it does a proper pencil there's, a new gesture area that wraps all the way around the new Apple Pencil, just, just above the tip double tap it in notes, for example, and you can switch between drawing and erasing, or the current and previous tool. Apps can offer their own options too, like the zoom in zoom out, Photoshop has demonstrated its stealthier and less tacked LY annoying than a convenience key and faster than flipping a real school style, pencil or old school stylus around to switch modes.
How useful it ends up being will really depend on how apps implement it. So far, though, so great, if you are hoping to use your old Apple Pencil to new iPad bad news, it can either charge it to no repair with it. You have to get the new pencil and the new pencil only works with a new iPad Pro. It can't be used with the previous ones, I'm pretty much keyboard proof it's like fortnight, for me drop me into a new keyboard zone and in a few minutes, half an hour or more at most I'll, be happily typing away. Getting stuff done, not a care in the switch or travel world.
So I was fine with the previous smart keyboard, I used it all the time at home in the studio at coffee, shops and malls in meetings on planes and trains everywhere. In my humble opinion, a cloth molded smart keyboard, single-handedly redeemed taffeta from generations of bad formal, attire, plus its spill proof and doesn't end up looking like a college, dorm carpet covered and discolored by Cheetos debris and sweat acid. After a few months of use, like some other fabrics, do, so I end up liking. This new version, both better and worse, the keys, feel bolder and punchy her, and not just because I've beaten down my previous keyboard over the last 18 odd months and I like that I can set it to stand either straighter up or incline it further back, depending on whether I'm using it on a table or my lap using around my lap, has been great I've already written thousands and thousands of words on it. Just exactly that way, and it's been far sturdier and more stable than the previous version.
It's when I fold it back that things get weird, because, unlike the previous version, and it's more complex, folding pattern, this one simply really just folds back, and that means, instead of the soft fabric, lining being exposed. You're left with your keys hanging out. Of course, the keys are smart enough to turn themselves off, but they don't go away. I can feel them all the time like bubble, wrap just aching to be tapped. Do forget about it after a while, but I still rather not have anything there to forget about I'm, always gonna, remember Steve, Jobs sitting on that keynote stage.
Sitting in that Luca Brass, a chair going so deliberately through all the features of the just revealed iPad, showing them all off for the very first time all that technology, all in that one glass and aluminum slab becoming anything. He wanted it to be at the top of a link or the opening of an app. But it wasn't everything it could be not yet not back. Then it was the first attempt the hint, the starting point that showed everyone inside Apple and out just how far it could go. A tabula rasa, an infinity screen technology made transparent and this new iPad Pro.
Well, it still isn't there not yet, but it's just as obviously the biggest step forward since the original bigger than iPad 2, bigger than iPad Air bigger than the first pro, and even though it's nowhere nearly transparent. Yet its technology made even more translucent than ever and not just as a window into apps and the web. Now it's an engine for artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, algorithm or if you want to find out about all of that check out brilliant as great as it is watching videos. If you really want to learn about all the new technologies coming our way you have to get down and solve real problems, brilliant does an excellent job at this. It's a really cool website and app that helps you learn by solving interesting problems in science and mathematics in algorithms, in artificial intelligence and each of the courses starts off kind of easy and fun yeah and then gets more and more challenging as you master, the concepts check them out at brilliant org, slash, injector, thanks, brilliant and thanks to all of you for supporting the show.
Now. The only thing left to talk about is the price it's higher than ever bluntly. That's all! It's gonna matter to some people, especially those who could stretch to meet the old prices, but simply can't make the new ones. That's what Apple's, sacrificing by pushing iPad and other devices so far so aggressively fast they're, not just making iPads more expensive, they're, making more expensive iPads down to the component level, using custom processes and literally paying their way into bringing technology to market sooner than otherwise would be possible to mitigate it. Apple is releasing lower priced devices like the nine point: seven-inch, iPad and keeping around previous generation devices like the 10-inch iPad Pro, but at the top end, they're making the case that these new devices, like the new iPad Pro offers value far beyond the price, including all the additional free, often pro level training Apple makes available at their retail stores and yeah I.
Don't think those announcements being made side by side at the same event are any coincidence. Opening the box gives you access to far more resources and a far larger ecosystem than the device itself just like. Turning on the screen gives you access to far more than just a bunch of pixels. Some people will say the prices are too goddamn high, others that you get what you pay for. Ultimately, Apple will charge you a lot but believes they give you far more for your dollar than anybody else, regardless you're still bound to Apple software and services and while apps like real, Photoshop and AutoCAD are coming and office has been around for a while Google hasn't made anywhere nearly the effort and other desktop apps, even Apple's own Xcode, just aren't here yet so yeah you'll need to decide for yourself.
But my conclusion, my advice is this: if you just need or want an iPad just get an iPad Apple has good ones compatible with the original pencil going for just a few hundred bucks now. But if you want or need more, if you want or need something that combines raw power and absolute portability better than anything else on the market, then get the new iPad Pro at least that's what I think, but now I want to hear what you think hit like hit subscribe and then hit up the comments below and let me know and thank you so much for watching.
Source : Vector